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| VIETNAM FACT INDEX |
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THE MODERN LITTERATURE FROM 1945 – 1975
Prior to 1945 comparatively few southern writers had achieved recognition or success, but against a background of relative stability, prosperity and artistic freedom in the late 1950s and early 1960s a small but active literary scene began to emerge in South Viet Nam, initially under the influence of a circle of writers, linguists and educators who had relocated from the north. An important catalyst in this development was the proliferation of private publishing companies, particularly in Sai Gon.
Numerous important literary magazines were established in the south after 1954, including "Literature Today", Literary News, Expound, Create and Opinion) which introduced new currents of thought from the west such as existentialism and humanism. Together with the newly-established Sai Gon branch of PEN International and the Front for the Protection of Cultural Freedom, these publications did much to facilitate the development of new writing. Southern literary development was further encouraged by the establishment of various state literary prizes.
Emigre prose writers from the north regrouping in the south after 1954 included not only established figures such as Nhat Linh, Tam Lang (Vu Dinh Chi, 1901-1986), Trong Lang (Tran Tan Cuu, 1906-1986), Lang Nhan (Phung Tat Dac, 1907), Dai Duc Tuan (Tchya, 1908-1969), Y Uyen (Nguyen Van Uy, 1911-1969) and Vu Bang (1913-1984) but also younger novelists and short story writers such as Nguyen Thi Vinh ( 1924), Duong Nghiem Mau (Phi Ich Nghiem, b 1936), Duyen Anh (Vu Mong Long, b 1936), Nhat Tien (Bui Nhat Tien, b 1936), Thao Truong (Tran Duy Hinh, b 1939), Le Tat Dieu ( 1942) and Trung Duong (Nguyen Th? Thai, b 1944).
It was largely under their influence that southern prose writing came of age during the period 1954-1975 with the works of Binh Nguyen Loc (To Van Tuan, 1914), Vo Phien ( 1925), Son Nam (Ph?m Minh Tay, 1926), Ngoc Linh (Duong Dai Tam, 1935) and Nguyen Thi Thuy Vu (Nguyen Bang Linh, 1939) from the south and Linh Bao (Vo Thi Dieu Vien, 1926), Minh Duc Hoai Trinh (Vo Th? Hoai Trinh, 1930), Nguyen Xuan Hoang ( 1937), Tuy Hong (Nguyen Thi Tuy Hong, 1938), Nha Ca (Tran Thi Thu Van, 1939), Nguyen Thi Hoang ( 1939) and Nguyen Mong Giac ( 1940) from the central provinces.
Leading poets of the 1950s and 1960s included northern emigres Tuong Pho (Do Thi Dam, 1900-199?), Bang Ba Lan (1912-1988), Vu Hoang Chuong (1916-1976), Dinh Hung (1920-1967), Nguyen Sa (Tran Bich Lan, 1932) and Cung Tram Tuong (Cung Thuc Can, b 1936); Quach Tan ( 1910), Nguyen Vy (Co Dieu Huyen, 1910-197?), Bui Giang ( 1926), Quach Thoai (Doan Thoai, 1929-1957), Thanh Tam Tuyen (Dzu Van Tam, 1936) and Nguyen Duc Son (Sao Tren Rung, b 1937) from central Viet Nam; and Dong Ho (Lam Tan Phac, 1906-1969), Kien Giang ( 1929) and To Thuy Yen (Dinh Thanh Tien, 1938) from the south.
However, the southern literary flowering proved short-lived; whilst the overthrow of the Diem government in 1963 brought greater artistic freedom, growing political instability, the escalation of war with the north and the steady slide into official corruption and decadence which attended the influx of large numbers of American troops in the period after 1963 engendered what one scholar has called a 'culture of entertainment'. In a radical departure from the past, a people brought up to associate literature with education and moral improvement turned increasingly for escapism to cheap imported martial arts novels and sentimental romances. In order to survive in this new climate many members of the literary community began writing daily feuilletons (serialised stories) for the newspapers, whilst others turned out novels featuring unusually racy subject matter. Nonetheless the last years of the Sai Gon regime did see some literary works of note, notably the novels of Nhat Tien, Le Tat Dieu and Nha Ca with their vivid descriptions of the horrors of war.
In the north the immediate aftermath of the August Revolution saw the establishment of the Nhan van Giai pham writers movement, the name of which was drawn from its two journals Nhan van (Humanism) and Works of Beauty. Established by a group of northern intellectuals which included writers Tran Dan, Hoang Cam ( 1922), Phan Khoi (1887-1959), Nguyen Huu Dang, Truong Tuu, Tran Duc Thao and Thuy An, this movement aimed to secure a greater measure of intellectual independence for the Vietnamese literary community. However the trial which followed firmly established the principle that Vietnamese literature existed to advance socialism and must be guided by the Communist Party vanguard. With the establishment of the Viet Nam Writers’ Association in 1957 northern literature became firmly subordinated to the task of building the socialist future.
During the 1960s and early 1970s the northern literary was continued to identify closely with the national and ideological cause. Amongst the best-known patriotic poems of this period were
" the Campaign Trail, 1960" by Xuan Mien, "The Red Farewell, 1964" by Nguyen My (1935-1971), "To the Front, 1972" by To Huu and "Poems Against the Enemy, 1972" by Che Lan Vien. Important revolutionary poems were also written during this period by Minh Hue (Nguyen Duc Thai, 1927-2003), winner of numerous awards for his works on the Xo Viet Nghe Tinh uprising of 1930-1931 and the life of Ho Chi Minh; Giang Nam (Nguyen Sung, 1929) and Thu Bon(Ha Duc Trong, 1935-2003), both recipients of the Southern Revolutionary National Fatherland Front's Nguyen Dinh Chieu Award for Literature; and a group of younger poets which included Hoang Minh Chau (b 1930), Pham Ngoc Canh (Vu Ngan Chi, b 1934), Nguyen Xuan Tham (b 1936), Vo Van Truc (b 1936), Van nghe (Literary Arts) Newspaper Awards winners Duong Huong Ly (Bui Minh Quoc, b 1940), Pham Tien Duat ( 1941), Bang Viet (1941), Huu Thinh ( 1942), Nguyen Khoa Diem (b 1943), Anh Ngoc (Ly Son, 1943), Nguyen Duy (b 1948), Nguyen Duc Mau (Huong Hai Hung, 1948) and Hoang Nhuan Cam ( 1952), playwright Luu Quang Vu (1948-1988) and war martyrs Nguyen Trong Dinh (1939-1968), Tran Quang Long (1941-1968) and Le Anh Xuan (1940-1968).
Throughout the American War leading prose writers of the 1940s and 1950s such as Nguyen Cong Hoan, Nguyen Hong, Bui Hien, To Hoai, Nguyen Van Bong, Chu Van, Thanh Chau and Nguyen Dinh Thi continued to devote their work to the revolutionary cause. Other important novelists and short story writers emerging during this period included Thep Moi (anh Hong, 1925-1991), Vo Huy Tam (1926-1996), Nguyen Trong Oanh (1929-1993), Ngo Ngoc Boi ( 1929), Nguyen Minh Chau (1930-1989), Nguyen Khai (1930), Vu Thi Thuong ( 1930), Phan Tu (Le Kham, 1930-1995), Vu Bao ( 1931), Ma Van Khang ( 1936), Do Chu ( 1944) and war martyrs Le Vinh Ha (1932-1967), Nguyen Thi (Nguyen Ngoc Tan, 1928-1968) and Chu Cam Phong (1941-1971). Of particular importance was a small group of southern writers who had regrouped in the north after 1954 and now returned south into enemy territory to gather material for their compositions; these included novelists Nguyen Quang Sang (b 1932), Anh Duc (Bui Duc Ai, 1935) and Nguyen Ngoc (1932).
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